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Herbal Products for Liver Diseases:
A Therapeutic Challenge for the New Millennium
| table 1.
Selection of Herbal Preparations With Proven Hepatotoxicity |
|
| Causative Plants |
Toxic Agents |
Symptoms |
Mechanism/Pathology |
|
Crotalaria
Senecio
Heliotropium
Symphytum officinale (Comfrey) |
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids |
Veno-occlusive disease |
Endothelial cell glutathione
depletion, central vein necrosis, thrombosis, and fibrosis |
| Atractylis gummifera |
Atractylate, gummiferin |
Hepatitis |
Inhibition of oxidative
phosphorylation, hepatic necrosis |
| Callilepsis laureola |
Atractylate |
Hepatitis |
Hepatocyte necrosis |
| Chelidonum majus (greater
celandine) |
Chelidonine, sanguinarine, berberine,
coptisine? |
Hepatitis (cholestatic) |
Lymphocyte infiltration |
| Larrea tridentata
(chaparral) |
Guaiaretic acid derivatives |
Hepatitis |
? |
| Teucrium chamaedrys
(germander) |
Furano-diterpenoids |
Hepatitis |
Hepatocyte glutathione depletion and
apoptosis |
| Chinese herbal mixtures (artemisia,
hare's ear, chrysanthemum, plantago seed, gardinia, red peony root,
etc.) |
Largely undefined |
Hepatitis |
? |
|
| NOTE. Data are selected from Larrey
and Pageaux,5 Kaplowitz,6 Benninger et
al.,9 and Yoshida et al.4 |
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