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Hep C and Fatty Liver Disease Linked by Enzyme
Pittsburgh researchers have found that an enzyme known to participate in fat production is elevated in those with Hepatitis C. Further exploration of this enzyme could help physicians better predict which HCV patients are at risk of developing fatty liver...
ANA773 Resumes Race Against Hepatitis C
By reducing the dosing schedule in half, Anadys Pharmaceuticals returns to their investigation of ANA773, a Toll-Like Receptor-7 agonist prodrug. Approaching the Hepatitis C virus differently from most other contenders, Phase I clinical trials evaluating the safety, tolerability and viral-load...
Popular Illegal Drug Extra Harmful with HCV
Although scores of Americans are turning to the street drug methamphetamine to keep them awake and thin, scientists have found that it worsens Hepatitis C infection in two worrisome ways....
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- G
- Gastrin, Glycogen
- G+
- Gram Positive
- G(-)
- Gram Negative
- G6PD Deficiency
- Hereditary deficiency
of Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Seen in people of Mediterranean decent.
Associated with destruction of red blood cells.
- G
- Gastrin, Glycogen
- G+
- Gram Positive
- G(-)
- Gram Negative
- G6PD Deficiency
- Hereditary deficiency
of Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Seen in people of Mediterranean decent.
Associated with destruction of red blood cells
- GA
- Gastric Antrum
- GAG
- Glycosaminoglycan
- Gall
- Liver Bile
- Gallbladder
- Small pear shaped muscular
sac located under the right lobe of the liver, bile secreted by the liver is
stored here, it can store about one-half pint of bile. The bile passes through
the bile ducts to the duodenum (the first part of the small intestine) after
food is eaten
- Gallstone Disease --Gallbladder Disease
- Condition
of having gallstones in the gallbladder or lodged in one of the ducts leading
to or from the gallbladder
- Gallstone
- Solid masses that form in the
gallbladder or bile ducts. Stones are composed largely of scholesterol and bilirubin
in varied proportions
- GALT
- Gut Associated Lymphatic Tissue,
Gut Associated Lymphoid Tissue
- Gamma Glutamyl Transpeptidase
- (GGT)--An
enzyme contained in the liver that plays a role in metabolism. Elevated above
normal in hepatitis
- Ganglioside
- Any of a group of glycolipids
that are found esp. in the plasma membrane of cells of the gray matter and have
sialic acid, hexoses, and hexosamines in the carbohydrate part and ceramide
as the lipid
- Gangrene
- Death of tissue, Irreversible
tissue damage from pathological interruption of the blood-supply
- Garden Thyme
- Also known as Creeping thyme,
Mountain thyme, and Wild thyme. As a tincture, extract, or infusion, thyme is
commonly used in throat and bronchial problems, including acute bronchitis,
laryngitis, whooping cough, diarrhea, chronic gastritis, and lack of appetite.
Excessive internal use of Garden thyme can lead to symptoms of poisoning
and to over stimulation of the thyroid gland
- Garlic
- Helps protect against heart disease
and cancer, and possesses antibiotic effects. Garlic juice and its constituents
can slow, or kill, more than sixty fungi and twenty types of bacteria
- Garsinia --Citrin
- Weight loss-inducing
properties, slows down the enzyme process that is responsible for producing
fat within the body's cells. Also used in the treatment of edema, intestinal
parasites, constipation and delayed menstruation
- GAS
- Gastroenterology
- Gastrectomy
- Partial--Surgical procedure
in which a portion of the stomach is removed
- Gastric
- Located in the stomach, such
as gastric ulcer
- Gastric Juice
- Colorless, watery acidic
digestive fluid secreted by the stomach glands containing hydrochloric acid,
mucin, pepsin and rennin
- Gastric Lavage
- Irrigation of the stomach
when poisoning or bleeding is suspected, or to remove ingested toxins before
they enter the blood stream
- Gastric Mucosa
- Inner lining of the stomach
- Gastric Resection
- Surgical procedure
in which part or all of the stomach is removed
- Gastric Ulcer
- Open sore on the lining
of the stomach
- Gastrin
- Secretion of the gastric mucosa
that stimulates production of gastric juice
- Gastritis
- Upset stomach, Acute or Chronic
inflammation of the stomach
- Gastro
- Gastroenterologist, Belly, Stomach
- Gastrocolic Reflex
- Mass movement of the
contents of the colon that causes the urge to have a bowel movement 30 to 60
minutes after eating. The strength of the reflex is directly related to the
number of calories in a meal, particularly the amount of fat in a meal
- Gastroduodenal
- Stomach, gut related
- Gastroenteritis
- Gastric flu, inflammation
of the lining of both the stomach and the intestine
- Gastroenteritis Virus, Murine
- Species
of the Coronavirus genus causing hepatitis in mice. 4 strains have been
identified as MHV 1, MHV 2, MHV 3, and MHV 4 (also known as JHM, which is neurotropic
and causes disseminated encephalomyelitis with demyelination as well as focal
liver necrosis)
- Gastroenterologist
- Dr. who specializes
in the gastrointestinal tract
- Gastroenterology
- Subspecialty of the
digestive organs involves the liver, stomach, bowels, and gallbladder. A gastroenterologist
treats conditions such as abdominal pain, ulcers, diarrhea, cancer, and jaundice.
Gastroenterologists perform complex diagnostic and therapeutic procedures using
lighted scopes to see internal organs. They consult with surgeons when abdominal
operations are indicated. The American Board of Internal Medicine awards a Certificate
of Special Qualifications for Gastroenterology
- Gastroesophageal
- Stomach, gullet related
- Gastroesophageal
Reflux Disease
- A disorder in which there is recurrent return
of stomach contents back up into the esophagus, frequently causing heartburn,
a symptom of irritation of the esophagus by stomach acid. This can lead to scarring
and stricture of the esophagus, which can require stretching (dilating).10%
of patients with GERD develop Barrett's esophagus which increases the risk of
cancer of the oesophagus. 80% of patients with GERD also have a hiatal hernia
- Gastrointestinal Series
- Gastrointestinal
series, or GI series, is an investigation of the gastrointestinal tract in which
a series of X-ray photographs are taken. This is made possible when the patient
swallows a tasteless solution of barium. X rays are taken as the radiopaque
barium passes through the esophagus, stomach, and intestines. The barium solution
shows the outline of these hollow organs. The barium is usually given to the
patient early in the morning when the stomach is empty. A lower GI series, or
barium enema, is used to visualize the large intestine, or colon. In this case,
however, the barium solution is given as an enema, rather than being swallowed.
- Gastrointestinal Tract
- Stomach and intestines
- Gastrointestinal Transit
- Passage of food
through the gastrointestinal tract as measured in minutes or hours. The rate
of passage through the intestine is an indicator of small bowel function
- Gastroscopy
- Gastroscopy is the examination
of the internal surface of the stomach through a special instrument (gastroscope)
that is passed through the mouth and down the esophagus. The gastroscope may
be either a straight tube or flexible fiberscope. Gastroscopy is a type of endoscopy.Visual
inspection of the stomach through a long, flexible tube with a light on the
end that is swallowed by the patient
- Gastrostomy
- Surgically created opening
into the stomach through the abdominal wall
- GAT
- Genome Amplification Test
- GB
- Gallbladder
- GBD
- Gallbladder Disease
- GBS
- Gastric Bypass Surgery
- GD
- Gastroduodenal
- GE
- Gastroenterostomy, Gastric Emptying,
Gastrenteritis, Gastroenterology
- Gene
- Functional hereditary unit that
occupies a fixed location on a chromosone, it has a specific influence on phenotype,
and is capable of mutation to various allelic forms
- Gene Expression
- An important stage of
viral replication at which virus genetic information is expressed: one of the
major control points in replication
- General
- Common to a class. Distributed
through many parts, diffuse
- Generic Drug
- Medication sold without
an indicated brand name and not protected by trademark
- Genetic
- Pertaining to reference of origin.
Produced by genes
- Genetic Engineering
- Intentional production
of new genes and alteration of genomes by the substitution or addition of new
genetic material
- Genetic Material
- Consisting of either
RNA (a few viruses) or DNA (all other organisms), genetic material stores the
fundamental information necessary to life. Information that controls reproduction,
development, behavior, etc
- Genome
- Complete set of chromosomes
- Genome Replication
- The stage of viral
replication at which the virus genome is copied to form new progeny genomes
- Genotype
- Different genotypes of the one
virus are similar enough to be regarded as the same type but have some minor
differences in their RNA composition. These differences may mean the virus reacts
differently to our immune response or to drug treatments and natural therapies.
All or part of the genetic constitution of an individual or group.
- Gentain
- Promotes the production of bile
,gastric juices, and saliva, in the body. Used for the treatment of dyspepsia, sluggish
digestion, and loss of appetite
- GEP
- Gastroenteropancreatic
- GER
- Gastroesophageal Reflux
- GERD
- Gastroesophageal
Reflux Disease
- Germicide
- Substance that destroys germs
- GET
- Gastric Emptying Time
- GET 1/2
- Gastric Emptying Half Time
- GF
- Gastric Fluid, Gluten Free
- GFR
- Glomerular Fltration Rate
- GGT
- Gamma-Glutamyl Transpeptidase or
Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase--Levels of GGT are elevated in hepatobiliary and
pancreatic diseases that obstruct the common duct but are normal in pregnancy
and bone disease. Because it is not physiologically elevated in pregnancy or
childhood, GGT has a role in detecting hepatobiliary disease. Drugs and alcohol
ingestion, which induce microsomal enzymes, also elevate GGT; alone, it is a
poor marker for alcoholic liver disease. Combined with transaminases, the detection
of alcohol abuse becomes more secure. An enzyme contained in the liver that
plays a role in metabolism. Elevated above normal in hepatitis
- GGTP (GAMMA-GT)
- Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase is markedly increased in lesions which cause intrahepatic or extrahepatic
obstruction of bile ducts, including parenchymatous liver diseases with a major
cholestatic component (e.g., cholestatic hepatitis). Lesser elevations of gamma-GT
are seen in other liver diseases, and in infectious mononucleosis, hyperthyroidism,
myotonic dystrophy, and after renal allograft. Drugs causing hepatocellular
damage and cholestasis may also cause gamma-GT elevation. Gamma-GT is a very
sensitive test for liver damage, and unexpected, unexplained mild elevations
are common. Alcohol consumption is a common culprit. Decreased gamma-GT is not
clinically significant
- GI
- Gastrointestinal
- GIA
- Gastrointestinal Assistant
- GI Cocktail
- A commonly used mixture
of liquid donnatal (which stops gastrointestinal spasms), viscous lidocaine
and mylanta (which counteracts the stomach acid and soothes the stomach). This
concoction is often given to patients presenting with severe heartburn, signs
of an ulcer, or indications of an excess production of stomach acid
- Gilbert's Disease
- A metabolic disorder
probably inherited as an autosomal dominant with variable penetrance and characterized
by elevated levels of mostly unconjugated serum bilirubin caused esp. by defective
uptake of bilirubin by the liver
- Ginger
- Zingiber Officinale. The aroma
of ginger is due to a volatile oil which it contains in amounts of about one
to three percent. Ordinarily taken in the form of capsules, ginger may also
be made into a tea or a candy. Promotes cleansing of the body through perspiration,
to calm nausea, and to stimulate the appetite, upset stomach, indigestion, cramps,
and to dispel chills. Powdered Ginger helps with motion sickness. If suffering
from gallstones, or if pregnant or nursing, consult your health care professional
before taking. Daily consumption of Ginger may interfere with the absorption
of dietary iron and fat-soluble vitamins, digitalis, digoxin, isoniazid, lincomycin,
nalidixic acid, oral anticholinergics, phenothiazines, pheytoin, sulfonamides,
tetracycline derivatives, warfarin, and phenothiozines or other psychoactive
agents which are poorly absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract. Ginger may mask
the toxicity caused by aminoglycoside antibiotics such as neomycin. May inhibit
urinary excretion of alkaline drugs, such as quinidine and amphetamines
- Gingival Hypertrophy
- Enlargement of the
gums. A common side effect of cyclosporine therapy, can be managed with good
oral hygiene
- Ginkgo Biloba
- Ginkgo Biloba. A tall,
hardy, deciduous tree, has been used in Chinese medicine for 5000 years to address
the health of the brain and respiratory tract. Studies have confirmed many of
ginkgo's ancient traditional uses. Modern clinical use focuses on ginkgo biloba's
positive effect on circulation and as an antioxidant. Used as a treatment for
hardening of the arteries, senility, and as a treatment for oxygen deprivation.
Powerful antioxidant that prevents platelet aggregation inside arterial walls,
keeping them flexible and decreasing the formation of arteriosclerositic plaque.Considered
safe and free of side effects, though taking very large doses may lead to diarrhea,
nausea and vomiting, which can be controlled by lowering the dosage taken
- Ginseng - American
- Increases stamina,
learning ability, used for stress, fatigue caused by insomnia, poor appetite,
nervousness and restlessness. Has been found to protect the body & nervous
system from stress, increase physical & mental efficiency, stimulate &
increase metabolic function, lower blood pressure & glucose levels when
they are high, and raise them when low, increase iron metabolism, increase gastrointestinal
movement & tone, and cause changes in nucleic acid (RNA) biosynthesis
- Ginseng - Korean
- Used for treatments ranging
from arthritis, impotence, lethargy, senility, menopausal complaints, and loss
of sexual interest. Has been used to combat fatigue, stimulate appetite, and
aid in digestion
- Ginseng - Siberian
- Used to restore memory,
concentration and cognitive abilities which may be impaired by improper blood
supply to the brain. Siberian Ginseng helps the body handle stressful conditions
while enhancing mental and athletic abilities
- GIP
- Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide
- GIS
- Gas In Stomach, Gastrointestinal
System
- GI Series
- Gastrointestinal Series
- GIT
- Gastrointestinal Tract
- GITSG
- Gastrointestinal Tumor Study Group
- GJ
- Gastrojejunostomy
- GK
- Galactokinase
- Gland
- Organ that produces a hormone or
other secretion
- Glands
- Any organ or tissue which selectively
removes materials from the blood, concentrates or alters them, and secretes
them for further use in the body (or for elimination)
- Gleet
- Chronic inflammation characterized
by an abnormal mucus discharge from the orifice or wound
- Glisson's Capsule
- An investment of loose
connective tissue entering the liver with the portal vessels and sheathing the
larger vessels in their course through the organ
- Globoside
- A complex glycolipid that occurs
in the red blood cells, serum, liver, and spleen of humans and accumulates in
tissues in one of the variants of Tay-Sachs disease
- Glomerulonephritis
- Inflammation of the kidney
accompanied by inflammation of the capillary loops in the glomeruli of the kidney
- Glossitis
- Inflammation of the tongue
- Glossodynia
- Pain in the tongue
- Glucagon
- Protein hormone secreted by
alpha cells of the pancreas which plays a role in carbohydrate metabolism. A
protein hormone that is produced esp. by the pancreatic islets of Langerhans
and that promotes an increase in the sugar content of the blood by increasing
the rate of breakdown of glycogen in the liver. A protein hormone that is
produced from the pancreas in response to low blood sugar levels
- Glucocorticoid
- Any of a group of corticosteroids
(as hydrocortisone or dexamethasone) that are involved especially in carbohydrate,
protein, and fat metabolism, that tend to increase liver glycogen and blood
sugar by increasing gluconeogenesis, that are anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive,
and that are used widely in medicine, as in the alleviation of the symptoms
of rheumatoid arthritis
- Glucokinase
- Hexokinase found especially
in the liver that catalyzes the phosphorylation of glucose
- Glucuronidase
- An enzyme that hydrolyzes
a glucuronide; espicially one that occurs widely (as in the liver and spleen)
and hydrolyzes the beta form of a glucuronide
- Glucosamine Sulfates
- Spurs the chondrocytes
(cartilage cell) to produce more collagen and proteoglycans as it normalizes
cartilage metabolism, which helps to keep the cartilage from breaking down.
Because glucosamine "jump-starts" the production of these key elements of the
cartilage matrix, and then protects them, it actually helps the body to repair
damaged or eroded cartilage
- Glucose
- A sugar known as dextrose. Widely
used in the human body (and brain) for energy. Hyperglycemia can be diagnosed
only in relation to time elapsed after meals and after ruling out spurious influences
(especially drugs, including caffeine, corticosteroids, estrogens, indomethacin,
oral contraceptives, lithium, phenytoin, furosemide, thiazides, thyroxine, and
many more). Generally, fasting blood glucose >140 mg/dL and/or 2h postprandial
glucose >200 mg/dL demonstrated on several occasions is suggestive of diabetes
mellitus; OGTT is usually not required for diagnosis. In adults, hypoglycemia
can be observed in certain neoplasms (islet cell tumor, adrenal and gastric
carcinoma, fibrosarcoma, hepatoma), severe liver disease, poisonings (arsenic,
CCl4, chloroform, cinchophen, phosphorous, alcohol, salicylates, phenformin,
and antihistamines), adrenocortical insufficiency, hypothroidism, and functional
disorders (postgastrectomy, gastroenterostomy, autonomic nervous system disorders).
Failure to promptly separate serum from cells in a red top tube causes falsely
depressed glucose levels. If delay in transporting a blood glucose to the lab
is anticipated, the specimen should be collected in a fluoride-containing (gray-top)
tube
- Glucose Phosphate
- A phosphate ester of
glucose, such as Glucose-1-Phosphate and/or Glucose-6-Phosphate
- Glucose-1-Phosphate
- An ester that reacts
in the presence of a phosphorylase with aldoses and ketoses to yield disaccharides
or with itself in liver and muscle to yield glycogen and phosphoric acid
- Glucose-6-Phosphate
- Microsomal enzyme
catalyzing the hydrolysis of glucose-6- Phosphate to glucose and inorganic phosphate;
present in the kidney, liver, endomentrium and intestinal mucosa. An ester that
is formed from glucose and ATP in the presence of a glucokinase and that is
an essential early stage in glucose metabolism
- Glucose Tolerance Factor
- Compound containing
chromium that aids insulin in regulating blood sugar levels
- Glucose Tolerance Test
- Glucose tolerance
test is a procedure that a physician carries out to determine whether a patient
is able to use and store glucose normally. The test is most commonly carried
out to diagnose diabetes mellitus in patients with symptoms suggestive of diabetes.
In some persons, however, an abnormally elevated fasting blood sugar level on
two occasions may be sufficient to diagnose diabetes. The glucose tolerance
test may also be used during pregnancy to test for gestational diabetes. Reactive
hypoglycemia may also be diagnosed using this test
- Glutamate Dehydrogenase
- An enzyme present
especially in liver mitochondria and cytosol that catalyzes the oxidation of
glutamate to ammonia and a-ketoglutaric acid
- Glutamic Acid
- Involved in the synthesis
of DNA, glutathione and some amino acids. Helps remove excess ammonia from the
body. Interconverted by the body into glutamic acid and gamma-amino-butyric
acid (GABA). Considered to be nature's "brain food" by improving mental capacities,
speeds the healing of ulcers, gives a "lift" from fatigue, and helps control
alcoholism, craving for sugar and schizophrenia
- Glutamine
- Non-essential amino acid, glutamine
is considered to be a brain fuel. Has been used therapeutically for alcoholism,
mild depression and to reduce the craving for sweets. Glutamine is very important
in the functioning of the metabolism and muscle maintenance. Glutamine supplementation
can help prevent muscle and other tissue breakdown by providing the body with
nitrogen and fuel
- Glutathione
- Natural sulfur-bearing peptide
formed from the linking of three amino acids: glutamic acid, cysteine and glycine.
Acts as an antioxidant and detoxicant and is involved with the selenium-containing
enzyme glutathione peroxidase. Also involved in amino acid transport across
cell membranes
- Glutathione Peroxidase
- Family of antioxidant
enzymes containing selenium which are important in the reduction of different
hydroperoxides, including hydrogen peroxide which is involved in the irritation
of the gastrointestinal tract and increase in perspiration
- Gluten
- Protein in cereal grains. Barley,
Oats, Rye and Wheat, contain the gliadin subfraction of gluten that is toxic
to persons with celiac sprue
- Glycerol
- Also called Glycerin. Sweet
syrupy hygroscopic alcohol containing three hydroxy groups per molecule, usu.
obtained by the saponification of fats, and used as a moistening agent, emollient,
and lubricant, and as an emulsifying agent
- Glycine
- Natural antacid and sweetener.
Involved in the syntheses of DNA, phospholipids and collagen. May act as a
fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. A nonessential amino acid. It is found primarily
in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. Sweet crystalline
amino acid obtained especially by hydrolysis of proteins and used especially
as an antacid. Helps trigger the release of oxygen to the energy requiring cell
making process, important in the body's manufacture of hormones responsible
for a strong immune system
- Glycogen
- Form in which carbohydrate is
stored in the body, especially in the liver and muscles, broken down as needed
to glucose molecules
- Glycogen Storage Disease Type I
- Autosomal
recessive disease in which gene expression of glucose-6-phosphatase is absent,
resulting in hypoglycemia due to lack of glucose production. Accumulation of
glycogen in liver and kidney leads to organomegaly, particularly massive hepatomegaly.
Increased concentrations of lactic acid and hyperlipidemia appear in the plasma.
Clinical gout often appears in early childhood
- Glycogen Storage Disease Type VI
- Hepatic
glycogen storage disease in which there is an apparent deficiency of hepatic
phosphorylase activity
- Glycogenic
- Of, relating to, or involving
glycogen or glycogenesis, such as the glycogenic function of the liver
- Glycoside
- Carbohydrate
- Glycosuria
- Sugar in the urine
- Glycyrrhiza Glabra
- Licorice root
- gm
- Gram
- GN
- Gram Negative
- Goiter
- Enlargement of the thyroid gland,
causing a swelling in the front part of the neck
- Golden Rod
- As an anti-inflammatory urinary
antiseptic, may be used in cystitis, and urethritis. Also used to promote
the healing of wounds. Exhibits anti-catarrhal, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial,
astringent, diaphoretic, carminative, and diuretic properties. For upper respiratory
catarrh, use Golden Rod with Elder, Eyebright, Echinacea and Wild Indigo
- Goldenseal
- Hydrastis Canadensis. Used
for local inflammation and debility. The root contains a group of alkaloids,
hydrastine, berberine and palmatine, which are strong astringent and antiseptic
agents. Hydrastine has also been shown to stimulate peristalsis and improve
digestion. Used as a wash for skin diseases and sore eyes, has been recommended
for a variety of inflamed mucous membranes, including stomach, intestinal, vaginal
and rectal. It is reported that the plant relieves pains and helps heal
wounds and stop bleeding. The antibacterial action helps reduce or prevent infection
of open sores. High doses of Goldenseal may cause nausea, vomiting, a decrease
in the white blood count and feelings of pins and needles in the hands and feet
- Gotu Kola
- Centella Asiatica. Also known
as Hydrocotyle or Indian Pennywort, The crushed leaves are commonly consumed
in the form of a salad or tea. Member of the family Apiaceae. Used as an energy
tonic, aphrodisiac, and for treatment of high blood pressure and mental disorders,
also used to lower fevers, relieve congestion due to colds and upper respiratory
infections, treat phlebitis, leg cramps, swelling (edema) and heaviness or tingling
in the legs, relieves high blood pressure, mental fatigue, senility, and helps
the body defend itself against various toxins. Works as a blood purifier, strengths
the heart. Also used on open wounds, sores, ulcers, other infections and radiation
ulcers, varicose veins, cellulite. Gotu Kola contains Vitamins A, G, K, high
in Magnesium
- Gout
- Hereditary form of arthritis caused
by an excess of uric acid in the blood and by recurrent attacks of acute arthritis
- G6PD
- Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase
- GP
- Gram Positive, General Practioner
- GPC
- Gastric Parietal Cell
- Graft
- A portion of tissue, or an entire
organ (i.e. Liver, Pancreas, Kidney, Heart, Skin) used to replace a defect in
the body. Any tissue or organ for implantation or transplantation
- Graft Survival
- When a transplanted tissue
or organ is accepted by the body and functions properly. The potential for graft
survival is increased when the recipient and donor are closely matched, and
when immunosuppressive therapy is used
- Graft-versus-Host Disease
- A bodily condition
that results when T cells from a usu. allogeneic tissue or organ transplant
and especially a bone marrow transplant react immunologically against the recipient's
antigens attacking cells and tissues, that affects especially the gastrointestinal
tract, skin, and liver with symptoms including abdominal pain, anorexia, diarrhea,
fever, liver dysfunction, and skin rash, and that may be fatal
- Gram
- Unit of weight. There are about
28 g in 1 ounce. Dietary fat, carbohydrates and protein, are measured in grams
- Gram Negative
- Bacteria which fail to
take up Gram stains during histological preparation for identification: typically
bacteria present in the bowel rather than the throat and respiratory tissues
- Gram's Stain
- A stain test that identifies
various forms of bacterial microorganisms
- Granulation
- Grainy growth made up of
new tissue, which usually appears on raw or irritated skin surfaces. Part of
the healing process
- Granulocytes
- Granulocytes include neutrophils
(bands and segs), eosinophils, and basophils. In evaluating numerical aberrations
of these cells (and of any other leukocytes), one should first determine the
absolute count by multiplying the per cent value by the total WBC count. For
instance, 2% basophils in a WBC of 6,000/uL gives 120 basophils, which is normal.
However, 2% basophils in a WBC of 75,000/uL gives 1500 basophils/uL, which is
grossly abnormal and establishes the diagnosis of chronic myelogenous leukemia
over that of leukemoid reaction with fairly good accuracy. Neutrophilia is seen
in any acute insult to the body, whether infectious or not. Marked neutrophilia
(>25,000/uL) brings up the problem of hematologic malignancy (leukemia, myelofibrosis)
versus reactive leukocytosis, including "leukemoid reactions." Laboratory work-up
of this problem may include expert review of the peripheral smear, leukocyte
alkaline phosphatase, and cytogenetic analysis of peripheral blood or marrow
granulocytes. Without cytogenetic analysis, bone marrrow aspiration and biopsy
is of limited value and will not by itself establish the diagnosis of chronic
myelocytic leukemia versus leukemoid reaction. Smokers tend to have higher granulocyte
counts than nonsmokers. The usual increment in total wbc count is 1000/5L for
each pack per day smoked. Repeated excess of "bands" in a differential count
of a healthy patient should alert the physician to the possibility of Pelger-Huet
anomaly, the diagnosis of which can be established by expert review of the peripheral
smear. Neutropenia may be paradoxically seen in certain infections, including
typhoid fever, brucellosis, viral illnesses, rickettsioses, and malaria. Other
causes include aplastic anemia, aleukemic acute leukemias, thyroid disorders,
hypopitituitarism, cirrhosis, and Chediak-Higashi syndrome. Eosinophilia is
seen in allergic disorders and invasive parasitoses. Other causes include pemphigus,
dermatitis herpetiformis, scarlet fever, acute rheumatic fever, various myeloproliferative
neoplasms, irradiation, polyarteritis nodosa, rheumatoid arthritis, sarcoidosis,
smoking, tuberculosis, coccidioidomycosis, idiopathicallly as an inherited trait,
and in the resolution phase of many acute infections. Eosinopenia is seen in
the early phase of acute insults, such as shock, major pyogenic infections,
trauma, surgery, etc. Drugs producing eosinopenia include corticosteroids, epinephrine,
methysergide, niacin, niacinamide, and procainamide. Basophilia, if absolute
(see above) and of marked degree is a great clue to the presence of myeloproliferative
disease as opposed to leukemoid reaction. Other causes of basophilia include
allergic reactions, chickenpox, ulcerative colitis, myxedema, chronic hemolytic
anemias, Hodgkin's disease, and status post-splenectomy. Estrogens, antithyroid
drugs, and desipramine may also increase basophils. Basopenia is not generally
a clinical problem
- Granulocytopenia
- Lack of white blood
cells
- Granuloma
- Imprecise term applied to small
nodular delimited aggregation of mononuclear inflammatory cells, or collection
of modified macrophages resembling epithelial cells (epithelioid cells), usually
surrounded by a rim of lymphocytes, often with multinucleated giant cells. Some
granulomas contain eosinophils and plasma cells, and fibrosis is commonly seen
around the lesion. Granuloma formation represents a chronic inflammatory response
initiated by various infectious and noninfectious agents
- Granuloma, Foreign-Body
- Persistent swelling
consisting of tightly packed white blood cells surrounding and isolating material
not natural to the body
- Granulomatous
- Abscess, neoplastic infiltration,
partial bile duct obstruction
- Granulomatous Hepatitis
- A multifactorial
infiltrative liver disorder with or without additional hepatic inflammation
and fibrosis. The term "granulomatous hepatitis" is often used, but the condition
is not a true hepatitis. Hepatic granulomas are found in about 3 to 10% of liver
biopsies. There may be insignificant incidental findings, but more often they
reflect clinically relevant disease --usually a systemic disorder rather than
primary liver disease
- Grapefruit Seed
- Well known as an anti-fungal
agent in that their consumption kills many different types of parasites and
assists the body in producing beneficial bacteria. A natural ingredient found
in the seeds kills candida, e.coli, influenza, herpes, salmonella, staph, strep,
parasites, fungi and traveler's diarrhea, used as an antibiotic, antifungal,
antiviral, antiprotozoan, antiseptic and disinfectant
- Grape Seed Extract
- Helps Vitamin C enter
the body's cells, thus strengthening the cell membranes, and protecting the
cells from oxidative damage. Helps increase the effectiveness of vitamin C by
acting as a carrier and as a restorer of oxidized vitamin C by working with
glutathione. Provides protection to brain and spinal nerves from potent free
radical damage. Binds to collagen fibers, increasing elasticity and flexibility
in muscles, tendons, and ligaments. Extremely stable on the shelf, showing no
loss of potency after 12 years of storage. Has 50 times greater antioxidant
capability than vitamin E and 20 times greater activity than vitamin C (in vitro).
Powerful, natural and hypoallergenic free radical scavenger and antioxidant.
Inhibits the enzymes which lead to histamine formation. Highly bioavailable
bioflavonoid complex which is rapidly absorbed and distributed throughout the
body within minutes
- Gravel Root
- Used primarily for kidney
stones or gravel. Gravel Root has been used for the following conditions: chronic
endometriosis, chronic uterine disease, dropsy, dysmenorrhoea, dysuria, gravel,
hematuria, leucorrhoea, strangury, disease of the kidney and bladder from
an excess of uric acid, threatened abortion, ovarian and uterine atony, constant
desire to urinate, intermittent fever, and severe bone pains
- Gravol
- An antihistamine medication which
reduces nausea and vomiting caused by narcotics, and which enhances their painkilling
effect and causes sedation
- Green Tea
- Camellia Sinensis. Green tea
originates in China, Japan and other parts of Asia. The leaf of the plant is
used in creating the extract which is potent and bioflavonoid-rich. Used primarily
for its free-radical scavenging capabilities. The key ingredient EGCG, which
stands for Epigallocatechin Gallate, protects against digestive and respiratory
infections. Historical uses of the tea are reducing high blood pressure, inhibiting
pathogenic bacteria that cause food poisoning and blocking the actions of carcinogens,
ultraviolet light and metastasis. Blocks the attachment of bacteria to the teeth,
protecting against cavities. Green tea extract is non-toxic, both in acute doses
and high long-term doses
- Grindelia
- Used in asthma, bronchitis,
whooping cough and upper respiratory catarrh. Because of the relaxing effect
on the heart and pulse rate, there may be a reduction in blood pressure. Exhibits
anti-spasmodic, expectorant, and hypotensive properties. Grindelia acts to relax
smooth muscles and heart muscles. This explains its use in the treatment of
asthmatic and bronchial conditions, particularly when associated with a rapid
heart beat and nervous response Lotions containing Grindelia can be used in
the dermatitis caused by poison ivy
- Griping
- Causing a clutching, painful,
or grasping feeling in the bowels
- GRP
- Gastrin Releasing Peptide
- GS
- Gallstone, Gardner Syndrome
- GSE
- Gluten Sensitive Enteropathy
- GU
- Gastric Ulcer. Genitourinary
- Guaiac
- Resin from the wood of Guajacum officinale
and G. sanctum trees, used as a reagent in tests for occult blood and formerly
in the treatment of rheumatism
- Guaiac Test--Occult Blood Test
- Diagnostic
test in which a tiny amount of the material to be tested (usually feces) is
rubbed on a slide. A chemical reaction is performed to assess the presence or
absence of blood, which may not be visible on direct inspection of the specimen
- Guanine
- Crystalline purine base, one
of the four basic nucleotides that comprise DNA
- Guarana -Paullinia Cupana
- Used as a general
tonic for the body and as a source of energy. Guarana acts on the central nervous
system to prevent fatigue and break down lactic acid from muscle stress. A high
energy source that increases mental alertness, slows the pulse, decreases the
appetite, fights fatigue, an excellent mood elevator. Also used as a nervine
tonic for hangovers, neuralgia and menstrual headaches, leucorrhea, diarrhea,
and fevers; it's chief use in Europe and North America is for headaches, especially
if of a rheumatic or nervous nature
- Guar Gum
- A digestive fiber used throughout
the food industry as a thickening agent. It helps regulate the rate of absorption
of nutrients, including sugar, spreading it over a longer period of time. The
result is a slower rise in blood sugar levels, and a less rapid subsequent drop
- Guiac
- A test of stool with a gloved finger
inserted looking for blood
- Gum Karaya
- A soluble fiber which aids
in the intestinal processes of the digestive system
- Gut
- An intenstine; a bowel; the whole
alimentary canal; the enteron; (pl) bowels; entrails
- GV
- Gastric Volume
- GVH
- Graft versus Host
- Gynecomastia
- Development of breasts in
men
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