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Hep C and Fatty Liver Disease Linked by Enzyme
Pittsburgh researchers have found that an enzyme known to participate in fat production is elevated in those with Hepatitis C. Further exploration of this enzyme could help physicians better predict which HCV patients are at risk of developing fatty liver...
ANA773 Resumes Race Against Hepatitis C
By reducing the dosing schedule in half, Anadys Pharmaceuticals returns to their investigation of ANA773, a Toll-Like Receptor-7 agonist prodrug. Approaching the Hepatitis C virus differently from most other contenders, Phase I clinical trials evaluating the safety, tolerability and viral-load...
Popular Illegal Drug Extra Harmful with HCV
Although scores of Americans are turning to the street drug methamphetamine to keep them awake and thin, scientists have found that it worsens Hepatitis C infection in two worrisome ways....
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- F
- Fat, Fecal
- F.
- A measurement of temperature commonly
used in the U.S.A. See Fahrenheit
- FA
- Fatty Acid
- Factor
- A circumstance, fact or influence
which usually produces a result. A substance that promotes or functions in a
particular physiologic process, such as a coagulation factor
- Factor 1
- Fibrinogen
- Factor II
- Prothrombin
- Factor III
- Thromboplastin
- Factor IV
- Calcium when it participates
in the coagulation of blood
- Factor V
- Essential for rapid conversion
of prothrombin to thrombin. A procoagulant in normal plasma but deficient in
patients with parahemophilia
- Factor VI
- Hypothetical substance believed
to be derived from Factor V during coagulation
- Factor VII
- May be closely related to
prothrombin since are both are formed in the liver by action of vitamin K. Stable
procoagulant in normal plasma but deficient in the blood of patients with hereditary
bleeding disorder
- Factor VIII
- Procoagulant present in
normal plasma but deficient in the blood of patients with hemophilia A
- Factor IX
- Procoagulant in normal plasma
but deficient in the blood of patients with Hemophilia B
- Factor X
- Same as Factor VIII
- Factor XI
- Procoagulant present in normal
plasma but deficient in the blood of patients with hereditary bleeding disorders
- Factor XII
- Factor necessary for rapid
coagulation in vitro, apparently not required for hemostasis, present in normal
plasma but deficient in the blood of patients with a hereditary bleeding disorder
- Factor XIII
- Factor present in normal
plasma which in the presence of calcium, causes the formation of a highly insoluable
fibrin clot resistant to urea or weak acid
- Factor D (liver)
- A poly (thymidine) template
stimulatory protein of DNA polymerases; MW 58kDa
- Failure To Thrive
- Condition in which
an infant does not develop or grow normally
- Falciform Ligament
- An anteroposterior
fold of peritoneum attached to the under surface of the diaphragm and sheath
of the rectus muscle and along a line on the anterior and upper surfaces of
the liver extending back from the notch on the anterior margin
- False Negative
- Negative test results
in subjects who possess the attribute for which the test is conducted. The labeling
of diseased persons as healthy when screening in the detection of disease. A
test result that indicates that a person does not have a condition when in fact
he or she does.
- False Negative Reactions
- Negative test
results in subjects who possess the attribute for which the test is conducted.
The labeling of diseased persons as healthy when screening in the detection
of disease
- False-Positive
- Test result that mistakenly
gives a postive reading. A test result that indicates that a person has a condition
when in fact he or she does not
- False Positive Reactions
- Positive test
results in subjects who do not possess the attribute for which the test is conducted.
The labeling of healthy persons as diseased when screening in the detection
of disease
- Familial Polyposis
- Rare, inherited disease
in which many growths (polyps) occur in the colon. People who have this disease
have an extremely high risk of developing colon cancer
- Fahrenheit
- A measurement of temperature
commonly used in the U.S.A. Normal body temperature is considered to be 98.6
degrees Fahrenheit or 37 degrees Celsius. Body temperature can vary 1/2 to 1
degree Fahrenheit above or below 98.6 F. and still be considered "normal." Body
temperature varies with many factors including level of activity. To convert
a Fahrenheit temperature to Celsius use: C = (F - 32) x 5/9. To convert a Celsius
temperature to Fahrenheit use: F = (C x 9/5) + 32
- Fascia
- Band of fibrous tissue such as
lies deep to the skin or forms an investment for muscles and various other organs
of the body
- Fasciculated
- United into bundles
- Fasciculitis
- Inflammation of a small
bundle of muscle or nerve fibers, usually the latter
- Fasciculus
- In histology, a bundle of
nerves, muscle or tendon fibers separated by connective tissue; as that of muscle
fibers, by perimysium. 2. In neurology, a bundle or tract of nerve fibers presumably
having common connections and functions
- Fasciola Hepatica
- Common liver fluke
of sheep, oxen, goats, horses, and other herbivorous animals.Occasionally found
in the human liver, where it may cause dangerous symptoms by obstructing the
biliary passages and by invasion of the liver parenchyma. Several snails of
the genus Lymnaea act as invertebrate hosts. Also called Distoma Hepaticum
- Fascioliasis
- Infection with Fasciola
hepatica or F. gigantea
- Fast-Fasting
- To abstain from all or some
foods
- Fat
- One of the three nutrients that supply
calories to our bodies. Fat provides 9 calories per gram, more than twice the
number provided by protein or carbohydrates. Along with providing calories,
fat helps in absorption of certain vitamins. Small amounts of fat are necessary
to keep our bodies functioning normally
- Fatigue
- Tiredness
- Fat-Monounsaturated
- Slightly unsaturated
fat that is found in the greatest amounts in foods from plants, including canola
and olive oil. When it is substituted for saturated fat, monounsaturated fat
may help reduce blood cholesterol
- Fat-Total
- Sum of the saturated, polyunsaturated
and monounsaturated fats present in food. Mixture of all three are found in
varying amounts in most foods
- Fatty
- Marked by an abnormal deposit of
fat
- Fatty Acid
- Any of a large group of organic
acids made up of molecules containing a carboxyl group at the end of a long
hydrocarbon chain; the carbon content may vary from C2 to C34
- Fatty Liver
- Yellow discoloration of the
liver due to fatty degeneration of liver parenchymal cells
- Fatty Liver, Alcoholic
- Fatty liver in
alcoholics. It is potentially reversible and may be associated with alcoholic
hepatitis or cirrhosis. One affected with fatty infiltration, usually from alcohol
abuse, jejunoileal bypass surgery, or occasionally diabetes mellitus; fat is
in large droplets and the liver is enlarged but of normal consistency; patients
are often asymptomatic but the condition can progress to hepatitis or cirrhosis
if the underlying cause is not removed
- FDA--Food and Drug Adminstration
- Federal
organization that establishes the safety and effectiveness guidelines &
rules for drugs & healthcare products
- Febrifuge
- Substance that reduces or prevents
fever; antipyretic
- Fecal-Oral Route
- Route of transmission
which is dependant on the ingestion of fecal matter. Common mode of transmission
for Hepatitis types A and E
- Feces
- Solid body wastes, passed as bowel
movements
- Feldene
- A nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory
drug (piroxicam) prescribed for arthritis and other forms of joint and bone
inflammation
- Femoral Artery
- The major artery in the
thigh
- Fennel
- Used to aid digestion, help expel
gas. It relaxes muscles in the digestive and reproductive systems. Also
used to increase mothers' milk production and promote menstruation. Because
of its estrogenic effect, pregnant women should avoid medicinal amounts of the
herb
- Fentanyl
- A short-acting morphine like
narcotic analgesic of high poitency, often used in conjunction with other drugs.
Fentanyl can enhance the effect of certain narcotics (including morphine)
- Fenugreek
- Trigonella foenum-graecum.
Member of the family Fabaceae, may be referred to as trigonella or as Greek
hay seed. Has been administered internally for stomach problems, due to its
soothing properties. The seed tastes similar to maple sugar and is sometimes
used as a spice and flavoring agent, often in imitation maple syrup. Can also
be taken for bronchitis or fevers and gargled for sore throat. Make a poultice
of pulverized seeds for fistulas, furuncles, gouty pains, neuralgia, sciatica,
sores, swollen glands, wounds, tumors, and skin irritations. May be a good agent
for reducing serum cholesterol
- Fermentation
- Process by which bacteria
break down substances, yielding alcohols, gases and acids. In the colon, bacteria
break down undigested bits of food, releasing carbon dioxide and hydrogen
- Ferric
- Pertaining to a compound of iron
in which the metal is trivalent
- Ferritin
- A crystalline iron containing
protein that functions in the storage of iron and is found especially in the
liver and spleen. Iron is stored in the liver in the form of Ferritin. Increased
levels of Ferritin means there is a high iron storage. This could result from
an increased iron intake in the diet (vitamin supplements, food cooked in iron
pots, etc.). An elevation can also occur from a destruction of liver cells causing
leakage of Ferritin
- Ferrous
- Pertaining to a compound of iron
in which the metal is divalent
- Fetoproteins
- Fetal proteins found in
small amounts in adults in various forms. Serum alpha-fetoprotein is used as
a marker for HCC
- Fetor Hepaticus
- A characteristically
disagreeable odor to the breath that is a sign of liver failure
- Fever
- Abnormally high body temperature.
A rise in body temperature above normal usually as a natural response to infection.
Typically an oral temperature greater than 100.4 degrees Fahrenheit constitutes
a fever
- Feverfew
- Tanacetum Parthenium. Also known
as Bachelor's Button. Ancient Greeks and Egyptians cherished feverfew as a valuable
herbal remedy due to its anti-inflammatory effects. Feverfew has become tremendously
popular for its ability to reduce prostaglandins and histamines, thereby reducing
spasms of blood vessels . Used to alleviate headaches, joint pain, stomach aches,
fever, and menstrual pains. Feverfew has also been useful in relaxing smooth
muscles in the uterus, promoting menstrual flow and inhibiting platelet aggregation
and excessive blood clotting. Feverfew also helps stimulate digestion and improves
liver function
- FF
- Fat Free
- FFPE
- Formalin Fixed, Paraffin Embedded
- Fiber
- Nondigestible type of complex carbohydrate.
High-fiber foods are usually low in calories. Foods high in fiber include whole
fruits, dried beans, whole grain breads and cereals. Types of fiber found in
foods such as oat and barley bran, some fruits like apples and oranges, and
some dried beans may help reduce blood cholesterol
- Fiber Optics
- Technology that uses bundles
of plastic fibers or glass to transmit light and/or images; used widely
in flexible viewing instruments such as an endoscope to allow a physician to
see an organ
- Fibrillation
- Uncoordinated twitching
of individual muscular fibers with little or no movement of the muscle as a
whole. Fine, rapid fibrillar movements the replace the normal contraction of
the ventricular muscle of the heart
- Fibrin
- Blood clotting protein
- Fibrinogen
- A plasma protein that is produced
in the liver and is converted into fibrin during blood clot formation
- Fibrosis
- Scar formation resulting from
the repair of tissue damage. If it occurs extensively in the liver, it is called
cirrhosis, Formation of fibrous tissue; fibroid or fibrous degeneration. Condition
marked by increase of interstitial fibrous tissue, fibrous degeneration
- Fibrotic
- Characterized by or affected
with fibrosis
- Filovirus
- Thread like virus family which
includes such viruses as Ebola and Marburg. This is a very deadly virus
- First Generation Hepatitis C Antibody Tests
- These
were the first tests developed (in 1990) to detect hepatitis C antibodies -
our body’s response to the virus. The test searches for a limited number
of ‘signs’ of the antibody, such as the way its shell or envelope
is made. These tests have been superseded by newer generation tests with improved
sensitivity and specificity
- Fish Oils
- Oils high in unsaturated fats
extracted from the bodies of fish or fish parts, especially the livers. Those
from the liver are usually high in vitamin A. The oils are used as dietary supplements,
in soaps and detergents, as protective coatings, and as a base for other food
products such as vegetable shortenings
- Fissula
- Small cleft
- Fissure
- Any of several clefts separating
the lobes of the liver. A break or slit in tissue usu. at the junction of skin
and mucous membrane. Groove, deep crack
- Fistula
- Abnormal passage, passage or
tunnel formed in the body by injury, disease, congenital abnormalities, or,
occasionally, surgery. An abnormal, tube-like passage from a hollow organ to
the surface, or from one organ to another
- FJP
- Familial Juvenile Polyposis
- FL
- Fatty Liver, Full Liquid (diet)
- Flaccid
- Weak, lax or soft
- Flatulence
- Excessive gas in the digestive
tract
- Flatus
- Gas generated in the stomach or
intestines
- Flavivirus
- Group of related viruses.
This virus includes Hepatitis C, Yellow Fever, Denge and St. Louis Encephalitis
- Flavonoid
- Any of a group of plant pigments
found in many foods that are thought to help protect the body from cancer
- Flaxseed
- Used effectively for treating
colon problems, female disorders, tumors and inflammation. Flaxseed oil
promotes bones, strong nails, healthy skin and teeth.
- FLC
- Fatty Liver Cell
- Flexeril
- Potent muscle relaxant
- Flexure
- Bent portion of a structure or
organ
- FLKS
- Fatty Liver and Kidney Syndrome
- Floating Liver
- Wandering liver
- Flocculent
- Having downy or flaky shreds
- Flocculent
- Having downy or flaky shreds
- Fluctuating
- Not remaining at one level
- Flu-Like Symptoms
- Symptoms that are generally
associated with the flu (influenza). Symptoms generally are: Fever, muscle ache,
nausea & joint pain
- Fluoroscope
- X-ray machine that makes
it possible to see internal organs in motion
- FNA
- Fine Needle Aspiration
- FNAB
- Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy
- FNB
- Fine Needle Biopsy
- FNTHC
- Fine Needle Transhepatic Cholangiography
- Foamy Liver
- A liver seen post mortem,
marked by the presence of numerous gas bubbles
- FOBT
- Fecal Occult Blood Test
- Focal Liver Disease
- Abscess, neoplastic
infiltration, partial bile duct obstruction
- Foley
- A foley (indwelling) catheter.
This is a thin flexible tube inserted into the urethra in order to drain the
bladder
- Folic Acid
- A B-complex vitamin that functions
along with vitamin B-12 and vitamin C in the utilization of proteins. Essential
role in the formation of heme (the iron containing protein in hemoglobin necessary
for the formation of red blood cells). Folic acid is essential during pregnancy
to prevent neural tubular defects in the developing fetus. Necessary for DNA
& RNA synthesis which is necessary for the proper growth and reproduction
of all body cells. Aids in amino acid metabolism. A deficieny of Folic Acid
may result in anemia, gastrointestinal disorders, Vitamin B-12 deficiency, and/or
premature gray hair
- Follow-Up
- Checking the results periodically
after treatment has been prescribed
- Fomentation
- Application of heat and moisture
to the body to ease pain or reduce inflammation
- Force of infection
- The per capita rate
at which susceptibles are infected
- Forensic Pathology
- A forensic pathologist
is expert in investigating and evaluating cases of sudden, unexpected, suspicious,
and violent dealth as well as other specific classes of death defined by law.
The forensic pathologist serves the public as coroner or medical examiner or
by performing medicolegal autopsies for such officials
- Forskolin
- Coleus Forskohili--Potent bronchodilator,
used to treat imbalances resulting in asthma and other lung disorders. Has been
shown to relieve internal eye pressure. Effects of Forskolin last for only a
short period, it may lead to possible cardiovascular complications. Should be
used under the supervision of a competent healthcare professional trained in
its use
- Fossa
- An anatomical pit, groove, or depression.
i.e., the fossa in the liver for the gallbladder
- Fo-Ti
- Polygonum Multiflorum--A tonic
to increase energy, purify the blood and tone the kidneys and liver . Also used
as a remedy for insomnia, stomach upset, and diabetes. Used effectively for
coronary disease, coronary disease, excessive sweating, elevated serum cholesterol,
insomnia, neurasthenia, pain, backache, tuberculous adenopathy and weakness.
Fo-Ti has anti-swelling, anti-toxic, and tranquilizing properties
- FP
- Food Poisoning
- Free Radical
- Atom or molecule produced
as a by-product of oxidation (the cellular process of burning fuel) that bears
an unpaired electron and is potentially harmful to the body. Free radicals are
neutralized in the body by antioxidants. In the body, free radicals are generated
by both enzymatic and chemical reactions, including the metabolism of fats.
Free radicals are believed to be involved in extensive damage to the body, including
aging cancer, heart disease and arthritis
- Friable
- Breaks apart or crumbles easily
- Fringetree Bark
- Considered a specific
for the treatment of gallbladder inflammation, and is valuable in treating gallstones.
It will aid the liver in general, often used as part of a wider treatment for
the whole body. Through its action of releasing bile, Fringetree Bark
acts as a gentle and effective laxative. Used in the treatment of Duodenal catarrh,
catarrhal jaundice, gall stones and hepatic torpor, alimentary glycosuria, Pancreatic
disease, glandular disorders, chronic disease of liver and spleen. May be safely
used in all liver problems, especially when they have developed into jaundice
- Frosted Liver
- Perihepatitis chronica
hyperplastica
- Frozen Section-Biopsy
- Urgent histological
examination of a biopsy undertaken during surgery, for determining the diagnosis
and consequently the appropriate surgical procedure
- ft
- Foot, feet (measure)
- FTI
- This is a convenient parameter with
mathematically accounts for the reciprocal effects of T4 and T3 uptake to give
a single figure which correlates with free T4. Therefore, increased FTI is seen
in hyperthyroidism, and with decreased FTI is seen in hypothyroidism. Early
cases of hyperthyroidism may be expressed only by increased thyroid stimulation
hormone (TSH) with normal FTI. Early cases of hypothyroidism may be expressed
only by increased TSH with normal FTI.
- FTLE
- Full Thickness Local Excision
- Fulminant
- Rapid, intense and severe
- Fulminant Hepatitis
- A severe form of
hepatitis involving death of liver cells and often liver failure
- Functional Disorder
- Disorder in which
there are no visible signs of disease, yet sometimes the intestinal tract does
not seem to function properly. This kind of disorder can cause discomfort but
is not life threatening and does not lead to serious disease
- Functional Food
- Foods that offer proven
health benefits and medicinal properties and contain phytochemicals in their
unadulterated states
- Fundoplication
- Mobilization of the lower
end of the esophagus and plication of the fundus of the stomach around it (fundic
wrapping) in the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux (See GERD) that may be
associated with various disorders, such as hiatal hernia
- Fundus
- The bottom or base of any hollow
organ; as, the fundus of the stomach; the fundus of the eye
- Fungus
- Any of a group of parasitic lower
organisms, including molds and yeasts, that can infect tissues in the human
body
- FUO
- Fever of Unknown Origin
- Fusion Protein
- The protein(s) on the
surface of a virus particle responsible for fusion of the virus envelope with
cellular membranes
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